2018-03-26

PROPOSED PREVENTION OF AN ARMS RACE IN SPACE (PAROS) TREATY

PROPOSED PREVENTION OF AN ARMS RACE IN SPACE (PAROS) TREATY

http://www.nti.org/learn/treaties-and-regimes/proposed-prevention-arms-race-space-paros-treaty/

The Outer Space Treaty, formally the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, is a treaty that forms the basis of international space law
In 1959, the UN General Assembly established the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) in Resolution 1472 (XIV). This committee identified areas for international cooperation in the peaceful uses of outer space, devised programs to be undertaken by the United Nations, encouraged research on matters relating to outer space, and studied legal problems arising from the exploration of outer space.
During the 1960s and 1970s a number of agreements were adopted to prevent the weaponization of outer space. These include the Partial Test Ban Treaty, formally titled the Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space and Under Water (1963), the Outer Space Treaty, formally titled the Treaty on the Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies (1967), the Rescue Agreement, formally titled the Agreement on the Rescue of Astronauts, the Return of Astronauts and the Return of Objects Launched into Outer Space (1968), the Agreement Relating to the International Telecommunications Satellite Organization "Intelsat" (1971), the Liability Convention, formally titled the Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects (1972), the Launch Registration Convention, formally titled the Convention on the Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space (1975), the Moon Agreement, formally entitled the Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies (1979).
Although these treaties ban the placement of weapons of mass destruction in space, they do not prevent states from placing other types of weapons in space. As a result, many states argue that existing treaties are insufficient for safeguarding outer space as “the common heritage of mankind.” In order to address this, the final document of the UN General Assembly’s Special Session on Disarmament mandated that negotiations should take place in what is now the Conference on Disarmament (CD), “in order to prevent an arms race in outer space” that are “held in accordance with the spirit of the [Outer Space Treaty].”
In 1985 the CD established an ad hoc committee to identify and examine issues relevant to PAROS such as the legal protection of satellites, nuclear power systems in space, and various confidence-building measures. The United States resolutely opposed giving the committee a negotiating mandate, preferring bilateral talks with the Soviet Union. The committee convened each year through 1994. No further committee meeting occurred due to objections made by the United States. In 1990 the United States stated that it “has not identified any practical outer space arms control measures that can be dealt within a multilateral environment.” With its large missile defense program and technical advantages in potential space weaponry, the United States has consistently refused to negotiate PAROS in the CD.
Obligations
Under the draft treaty submitted to the CD by Russia in 2008, State Parties would commit to refrain from placing objects carrying any type of weapon into orbit, installing weapons on celestial bodies, and threatening to use force against objects in outer space. State Parties would also agree to practice agreed confidence-building measures.
A PAROS treaty would complement and reaffirm the importance of the 1967 Outer Space Treaty, which aims to preserve space for peaceful uses by prohibiting the use of space weapons, the development of space-weapon technology, and technology related to “missile defense.” The treaty would prevent any nation from gaining a military advantage in outer space.
Compliance
When disputes arise between State Parties, they will first attempt to settle through negotiation and cooperation. If this fails, the situation may be referred to the executive organization of the treaty.
Developments
2017
On June 16, the EU Member States issued a statement to the Conference on Disarmament Working Group on the “Way Ahead” that proposed a multilateral non-legally binding instrument on Space Security.
2016
On 26 January, the Conference on Disarmament adopted an agenda for the 2016 session.
On 4 April, the Russian Federation and Venezuela released a joint statement to the Conference on Disarmament declaring that they will not be the first to deploy any type of weapon in outer space.
On 3 June Malaysia submitted a working paper on behalf of the Member States of G-21 on the Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space.
On 16 September, the United States of America submitted the following report to the Conference on Disarmament: “Implementing the Recommendations of the Report (A/68/189*) of the Group of Governmental Experts on Transparency and Confidence-building Measures in outer space Activities to Enhance Stability in Outer Space.”
2015
On 19 January, the Conference on Disarmament officially began and concluded Part 3 on 18 September. The fourth Panel dealt directly with the Prevention of an arms race in outer space. On 20 January, H.E. Mr. Henk Cor van der Kwast issued a statement on behalf of the Netherlands, encouraging more work on confidence building and transparency in PAROS. On 19 March, Ms. Gabrielle Irsten issued a statement on behalf of the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF) describing the importance of civil society being active in the pursuit of multilateral space security. On 13 August, Indonesia submitted a working paper on behalf of G-21stressing the importance of space security in a technologically dependent society.
On 27-31 July, the European Union (EU) and the United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs (UNODA) organized Multilateral Negotiations on an International Code of Conduct for Outer Space Activities. Mr. Jacek Bylica, Principal Adviser and Special Envoy for Non-Proliferation and Disarmament, European External Action Service, delivered an opening statement. Participants discussed principles and implementation of the International Code.
On 7 December the UN General Assembly adopted Resolution 70/27 on the no first placement of weapons in outer space.
2014
On 27-28 May, EU delegates met in Luxembourg for a third round of open-ended consultations concerning the proposed International Code of Conduct for Outer Space Activities, the fifth draft of which was published on 31 March.
On 10 June, Russia introduced to the Conference on Disarmament an updated draft of its working paper with China, “Treaty on the Prevention of the Placement of Weapons in Outer Space, the Threat or Use of Force Against Outer Space Objects (PPWT).” Relevant changes include the omission of the definition of “outer space,” amendments to other definitions and adjustments to Article IV on the right to self-defense.
On 4 December, the UN passed a Russian draft resolution on banning arms race in outer space was adopted during the assembly's 69th session with 126 votes in favor and 4 votes against. Georgia, Israel, Ukraine and the US were the four countries that opposed the draft resolution.
2013
On 14 January the General Assembly adopted Resolution 67/113 "International Cooperation in the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space.” The resolution reaffirmed the importance of international cooperation in developing the rule of law for space, noted the concern regarding a possible arms race, and advised that States with major space capabilities should actively contribute to the goal of preventing an arms race.
On 11 February in the Conference on Disarmament, a working body was established entitled "Prevention of an arms race in outer space" in order to discuss substantively and without limitation all issues related to an arms race in space. The Working Group will be chaired by the Ambassador of Kazakhstan, Mr. Mukhtar Tileuberdi.
On 19 March the CD discussed outer space security generally, and also discussed the draft Treaty on the Prevention of the Placement of Weapons in Outer Space, the Threat or Use of Force Against Outer Space Objects.
On 1-5 April, the GGE (Group of Governmental Experts) met for the second session in Geneva. Experts from 15 countries contributed to the final output of the Group. The experts agreed on a set of substantive TCBMs for outer space activities and recommended that States consider and implement them. Furthermore, the Group took stock of numerous proposals from governments and changes in the political and technological environment. On 4 June, the Cuban delegation made a statement to the CD stressing that the Cuban delegation was prepared to start negotiating a treaty on the prevention of an arms race in outer space.
From 8-12 July, the GGE held its third and final session in New York. The final report of the Group’s work was submitted to the General Assembly at its 68th Session: (A/RES/68/189).
On 3 September, Bangladesh made a statement on behalf of the Member States of the G-21 on PAROS. In the statement, the Group emphasized the need for space technology due to it being indispensable to everyday life. Furthermore, the Group also stressed the growing use of outer space and the need for transparency, confidence building measures, and better information on the part of the international community. Finally, the Group welcomed the joint Russian-Chinese initiative of a draft treaty on the “Prevention of the placement of weapons in outer space, the threat or use of force against outer space objects.”
On 22 October, Ambassador Victor Vasiliev presented a statement as Chairman on behalf of the GGE on Transparency and Confidence Building Measures in Outer Space Activities. The Group had a few recommendations and conclusion:
Encouraged States to review and implement the TCBMs through relevant national mechanisms.
Recommended that the General Assembly decides how to further advance TCBMs in Outer Space.
Recommended universal participation in and adherence to the exiting legal framework relating to outer space activities.
Responses to the GGE were provided by a few states. The European Union welcomed the study and report of the GGE and stressed the importance of transparency and confidence building measures, including promoting international cooperation in exploration and use of outer space for peaceful purposes. Delegations from the Arab Group and NAM highlighted that proliferating weapons in outer space should be prevented.
Two resolutions came out of the General Assembly session. A/C.1/68/L.40 is entitled “Transparency and confidence-building measures in outer space activities.” This resolution is to inform states to review and implement the proposed transparency and confidence-building measures. A/C.1/68/L.41 is entitled “Prevention of an arms race in outer space.” This resolution is the same resolution as last year.
2012
On 31 January, Russia reminded the CD of the draft Treaty on the Prevention of the Placement of Weapons in Outer Space which Russia and China had proposed in 2008. Russia stressed the importance of transparency and confidence-building measures in this treaty, noting that the Governmental Group of Experts would begin work on this issue later in the year.
From 19-30 March, the Legal Subcommittee of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space held its fifty-first session in Vienna. The committee report emphasized that the Outer Space Treaty did not adequately prohibit the placement of conventional weapons in outer space and called for a dialogue between the Legal Subcommittee and the CD to address this.
On 5 June the CD discussed PAROS. Belarus, China, Iran, and Pakistan noted the gaps in the existing legal framework and Russia, China, and Pakistan each stated that PAROS is their delegation’s priority at the CD. The EU suggested that the 2008 draft resolution proposed by Russia and China on the Prevention of the Placement of Weapons in Outer Space needed greater specifics in order to be effective. Russia, the Republic of Korea, and India all noted that while transparency and confidence-building measures were important, they were not an adequate replacement for legally binding measures. France, the United States, Russia, and the Republic of Korea all spoke in favor of the EU Code of Conduct for Outer Space.
On 23-27 July the UN Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on transparency and confidence building measures in outer space activities met at the UN headquarters in New York City. Among the many topics discussed was PAROS, Several states indicated that they viewed transparency and confidence building measures as stepping stones to negotiating PAROS.
On August 29 Russian Federation Council speaker Valentina Matviyenko issued a statement on provisions Russia considers mandatory for future talks on reducing strategic arms saying, "Concerns further process of nuclear disarmament by all nuclear states and their step by step joining the efforts taken by Russia and the United States and prevention of an arms race in outer space."
On 30 August the Syria Arab Republic submitted a working paper on behalf of the Group of 21. The Group reiterated its support of preventing and arms race and stated there concern over the deployment of anti-ballistic missile systems.
2011
In January, three resolutions related to outer space were passed by the UN General Assembly. Resolution 65/97, adopted without a vote, addressed international cooperation in peaceful uses of outer space, encouraging all states to become parties to relevant international treaties. Resolution 65/68 called for greater transparency and confidence-building measures in outer space activities and passed with a vote of 183 in favor, none against, and one abstention (the United States), while Resolution 65/44 encouraged states to continue efforts to assure the prevention of an arms race in outer space and passed with a vote of 178 in favor, none against, and two abstentions (Israel and the United States).
On 4 February the United States released its National Security Space Strategy, which emphasized the need for the responsible use of outer space and greater international cooperation. Other key points included strengthening international norms, using a multilayered deterrence approach and enhancing overall national space capacity.
On 8 February, the CD addressed the prevention of an arms race in outer space, including a presentation of the EU draft Code of Conduct for outer space activities, which would provide guidelines to limit harmful interference, collision, or accidents in outer space. China and Russia highlighted a draft treaty on the prevention of placement of weapons in outer space presented by them in 2008. The CD returned to the discussion on 8 March with states calling for the creation of a legally binding treaty on PAROS and discussed verification issues.
From 28 March to 8 April, the UN Legal Subcommittee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space held its 50th session. At the meetings, delegates expressed concerns about “present gaps” within the legal regime on outer space and advocated for a “more comprehensive legal regime to prevent militarization in outer space.”
On 7 April, China issued a statement titled “Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space,” noting that the weaponization of outer space “is against the interests of all countries.”
From 1 to 11 June, the UN Committee on Peaceful Uses of Outer Space held its 54th session. The meeting focused on several issues, including satellite data usage for natural disasters, space debris, and climate change in relation to space. Also, delegates from Canada (in conjunction with the Space Security Index) issued a presentation discussing current trends in the militarization of space, specifically in terms of reconnaissance, surveillance, navigations, and intelligence operations. The delegation emphasized that despite the military activities, “no space-based Space Weapons have been used to date.”
On 13 September, Nigeria presented working paper CD/1965 entitled “Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space” to the CD on behalf of the G-21. The working paper noted that existing legal instruments were inadequate to deter further militarization of space and recommended the draft treaty on the “Prevention of the Placement of Weapons in Outer Space” proposed by Russia and China in 2008 as a starting point for a PAROS treaty.
On 12 October, Sri Lanka presented draft resolution A/C.1/66/L.14 to the UNGA First Committee on the prevention of an arms race in outer space. The draft resolution emphasized the need for verification measures to prevent an arms race and reaffirmed the CD’s role as the primary body for negotiating and drafting a treaty on the prevention of an arms race in outer space. It was adopted on 26 October by a vote of 171 in favor, none against, and two abstentions. On 2 December 2011, the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) passed Resolution 66/27 on the Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space.
2010
From 18 January to 26 March, many delegations made statements that supported the PAROS treaty in the CD. Australia, Belarus, and Kazakhstan welcomed and supported the draft treaty submitted by Russia and China in 2008. The Russian delegation reiterated the need to move toward the implementation for the draft treaty. The delegations of Bangladesh, the European Union, Ireland, Libya, Republic of Korea, Romania, and Switzerland also made positive reference to the PAROS treaty during their statements. The United States delegation’s statements did not reference the PAROS treaty.
On 1 April the United Kingdom launched its new Space Agency, designed to provide a single voice on space issues for the United Kingdom as well as coordinate, develop and promote space activities within the United Kingdom.
On 28 June the United States published a new outer space policy, which emphasized states’ right to explore and use space for peaceful purposes including national security activities.
On 6 July the CD discussed PAROS again, where the Group of 21 called for the negotiation of a treaty related to PAROS within the CD and welcomed a draft treaty on the Prevention of the Placement of Weapons in Outer Space tabled by China and Russia in 2008. Discussion of PAROS continued on 13 July with a presentation by the United States of their new outer space policy.
On 26 November the European Union held the Seventh Space Council, which called for the creation of a comprehensive space strategy for the EU and discussed best practices in order to implement the Galileo and Global Monitoring for Environment and Security projects.
2009
On 26 March, Canada introduced a paper to the CD entitled “The Merits of Certain Draft Transparency and Confidence Building Measures and Treaty Proposals for Space Security.”
On 28 October, the CD adopted draft resolution A/C.1/64/L.25 entitled “Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space.” The draft resolution was adopted by a vote of 176 in favor, none against, and two abstentions (the United States and Israel). This resolution had previously been blocked by the United States, which had voted against it since 2005. With Israel maintaining its abstention from previous years and the United States switching its vote to an abstention some progress was able to be made. The following day the CD adopted A/C.1/64/L.40, entitled “Transparency and Confidence-Building Measures in Outer Space Activities,” without a vote. For the first time in a decade, the CD reached agreement on a program of work. In their program, a working group was established for the “prevention of an arms race in outer space” in order to discuss “all issues related to the prevention of an arms race in outer space.” Unfortunately, no progress occurred due to the inability of the CD to implement its program of work for the year.
2008
On 12 February, China and Russia introduced a Draft Treaty on the Prevention of the Placement of Weapons in Outer Space, the Threat or Use of Force against Outer Space Objects (PPWT) to the CD. The United States dismissed this proposal characterizing the offer as “a diplomatic ploy by the two nations to gain a military advantage.”
On 20 February, the United States shot down a failed spy satellite that was carrying approximately a half-ton of hydrazine rocket fuel, a toxic chemical. Many countries criticized this act because the satellite was shot down using a three stage, Standard Missile-3, whose primary purpose is for use as an interceptor for the U.S. Navy’s missile defense system.
In April a working group was formed for PAROS in the CD.
On 10 July, the European Parliament passed a resolution on Space and Security.
On 8 December, the European Union established a Draft Code of Conduct for Outer Space Activities. The European Union introduced this draft code to the CD on 12 February 2009.
2007
On 11 January, the Chinese fired a missile to shoot down one of its own ageing weather satellites. This raised fears in the United States concerning a potential space race. Japan also strongly condemned the test, declaring concern over its national security and the possibility of an arms race in space. Despite condemning the test, the United States continued to pursue several space and missile defense projects, many of which have dual-use capabilities.
On 15 June, the UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space adopted space debris mitigation guidelines.
Russia again introduced a resolution for transparency and confidence building measures for activities in outer space. In accordance with previous years all voted in favor of the resolution except for the United States (objection) and Israel (abstaining). Russia and China also produced a working paper (CD/1679). This working paper discusses the definitions of concepts such as Outer Space, Space Weapons, Space Objects and the Peaceful Use of Outer Space.
In the UNGA the Secretary General released a report on the “Transparency and confidence-building measures in outer space.” This report discussed the positions of Austria, Bangladesh, Kenya, and Portugal on behalf of the European Union. The European Union proposed the development of a comprehensive code of conduct on objects and activities related to space, and suggested general principles, scope and participation for such a code. On 18 September, this code of conduct was attached to the Secretary General’s report on “Transparency and Confidence-Building Measures in Outer Space Activities.” (A/62/114/Add.1) In addition, the European Union is planning to submit this code of conduct to the CD. Two resolutions were passed in the UN: A/RES/62/20 on the “Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space” and A/RES/62/43 “Transparency and Confidence-Building Measures in Outer Space Activities.”
2006
Russia again introduced a resolution on transparency and confidence-building measures in outer space activities, which enjoyed substantial support. The United States maintained its objections and Israel continued to abstain from the vote. On 22 May, China and Russia tabled another working paper at the CD that related to the verification aspects of PAROS (CD/1778). This working paper suggested different types of confidence-building measures such as exchanges of information, demonstrations, notifications, consultations and thematic workshops. Two documents were adopted by the UN General Assembly: A/RES/61/58 (Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space) and A/RES/61/75 (Transparency and Confidence-Building Measures in Outer Space Activities).
2005
On 16 August an open-ended meeting was hosted by China and Russia on issues relating to PAROS. In addition Russia introduced a resolution on transparency and confidence-building measures regarding outer space activities. This resolution enjoyed support from an overwhelming majority, with only Israel abstaining and the United States objecting. The UN General Assembly adopted two documents: A/C.1/60/L.27 (Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space) and A/C.1/60/L.30/Rev.1 (Transparency and Confidence-Building Measures in Outer Space Activities).
2004
United Nations document A/RES/59/65 “Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space” was adopted by the General Assembly and distributed December 17.
2003
United Nations document A/RES/58/36 “Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space” was adopted by the First Committee of the General Assembly.
2002
In spite of a continued deadlock in the CD, certain states, particularly China and Russia, continued to push for negotiations regarding PAROS. A joint working paper on the “Possible Elements for a Future International Legal Agreement on the Prevention of the Deployment of Weapons in Outer Space, the Threat or Use of Force Against Outer Space Objects” was submitted by China and Russia.

Conference on Disarmament Geneva, 14-16 June 2017 Working Group on the "Way Ahead" EU Statement on the Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space

Conference on Disarmament Geneva, 14-16 June 2017 Working Group on the "Way Ahead" EU Statement on the Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space

https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage/28329/conference-disarmament-working-group-way-ahead-eu-statement-prevention-arms-race-outer-space_en

Proposals for multilateral non-legally binding instruments on Space Security
Mr. Chairman,
At the outset, let me congratulate you on the assumption of the role as co-facilitator and thank you for your efforts to lead us through the substantive discussions on the Agenda item 3 - Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space.
The European Union and its Member States continue promoting the preservation of a safe and secure space environment and the peaceful use of outer space on an equitable and mutually acceptable basis. The EU recognises the outer space as a global common good, to be used for the benefit of humankind.
The EU and its Member States are increasingly engaged in outer space. The EU has developed two ambitious Space programmes, Galileo and Copernicus, which complement national space programmes and provide services free of charge which can contribute to realising the 2030 Agenda and its sustainable development goals. These two programmes already deliver services that benefit millions of people. Furthermore, European space actors increasingly engage in international cooperation to help other countries mobilise space for sustainable development.
Our new Space Strategy for Europe, issued in October 2016, sets out Europe's ambitions in space and confirms that we remain an active and globally engaged partner to promote and protect the sustainable and peaceful use of outer space by all nations.
Preventing an arms race in outer space and preventing outer space from becoming an area of conflict is essential to safeguard the long-term use of the space environment for peaceful purposes.
The growth in amount of human space-activity, coupled with the increased diversity of space operators, also makes it both more complicated and more necessary to develop new norms and rules governing human activity in space.
We remain convinced that transparency and confidence-building measures can make an important contribution to the security, safety and sustainability of activities in outer space. The EU, with its initiative on a Code of Conduct, first proposed in 2008, demonstrated leadership and willingness to work with the international community on space issues. Efforts to pursue political commitments, such as a multilateral code of conduct to encourage responsible actions in, and the peaceful use of, outer space, are still relevant. It should be recalled that they were also endorsed by the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on TCBMs in outer space, which the UN Secretary General set up in 2010 in accordance with UN General Assembly Resolution 65/80.
In this context, we would like to encourage all States to work together to elaborate common guidelines such as principles of responsible behaviour in outer space, which could complement existing initiatives. Such principles should be designed in a way that they are agreeable by a vast majority of spacefaring nations.
Globally shaped principles of responsible behaviour should address the full range of space activities and related challenges such as space debris, space traffic management, collision avoidance and prevention of an arms race in outer space and should hence serve long term goals: to increase international cooperation in space, to commit mutually to debris mitigation and to non-interference in the peaceful exploration and use of outer space, to facilitate an equitable access to outer space and increase transparency in the conduct of space activities.
The EU therefore calls for increased international cooperation in order to establish agreed standards of responsible behaviour in outer space to preserve the integrity of space environment for all. The EU continues to believe that a non-legally binding agreement negotiated within the United Nations could be a way to proceed.
Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
Proposals for multilateral legally-binding instruments on Space Security
Mr. Chairman,
As highlighted yesterday, the EU and its Member States attach great importance to the development and implementation of transparency and confidence-building measures as a means of strengthening security and ensuring sustainability in the peaceful use of outer space. In this context, EU Member States voted in favour of UN General Assembly Resolution 71/42 regarding the Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space (PAROS).
The prevention of an arms race in outer space and the need to prevent outer space from becoming an area of conflict are essential conditions for the strengthening of strategic stability. It will also allow all States to benefit from peaceful uses of outer space and the many opportunities for development that these can provide.
We remain concerned of the continued development of all anti-satellite weapons and capabilities, including terrestrially based, and underline the importance of addressing such developments promptly and as part of international efforts to prevent an arms race in outer space.
We maintain reservations regarding the updated draft on the Prevention of the Placement of Weapons in Outer Space, the Threat or Use of Force against Outer Space Objects (PPWT) and reiterate our view that a new legally binding instrument would need to be comprehensive, precise and verifiable.
We are equally concerned that the initiative “No First Placement of Weapons in Outer Space” (NFP) does not adequately respond to the objective of strengthening trust and confidence between States. We believe that initiatives aiming to prevent an arms race in outer space should contribute to fostering a climate of mutual trust and transparency between States. The very idea of "not to be the first to place" is ambiguous and may entice States to prepare to be second or third. Moreover, this initiative does not address the difficult issue of defining what a weapon in outer space is, which could easily lead a State to mistakenly assess that another State has placed weapons in outer space.
We believe it is more useful to address the behaviour in, and use of, outer space to further discussions and initiatives on how to prevent space from becoming an arena for conflict while ensuring the long-term sustainability of the space environment. We encourage States to support initiatives to this end, such as the idea to elaborate principles of responsible behavior in outer space (PORBOS), without excluding the possibility that this may one day result in new legally binding norms.
Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
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The League Result's!,

(on fb) https://www.facebook.com/ruffneckbase/ https://www.facebook.com/ruffneckbass01/ (data according to them, but fb stats are T.T.D {tampered to death IE false data! they only show a third of the data 1/3}, i won't be using it, as it is not accurate, i will be adding the true amount, see below)

day 120      (fake-book data)
week 609
month 2,027

fb tracked by Referring Sites, & Referring URLs m.facebook.com l.facebook.com www.facebook.com (unknown total views, as they are shady A.F, total traffic to blogger 46,632)

(www.facebook.com/ruffneckbase/  https://www.facebook.com/ruffneckbass01/)
(FB true amount see bellow)

day 126
week 655
month 3,536

on blogger blogger.com, https://ediobangers.blogspot.co.uk/ (total views 124,268)

day 414
week  1,862
month 10,537

on google+, https://plus.google.com/+ediobangerz/ (total 45,030)

day 261
week 1,114
month 4644

on ello https://ello.co/edio1 (total 546,400)

day 3500
week 18,800
month 75,200

(all time total  762,321 tracking began on 21 July  2017)

(weekly totals)see below)

day 4301
week 22,431
month 93,917

the world cup

may the odds, be ever, in your favour,,,,

And in first place, on an staggeringly amazing 1286 England / United Kingdom cooooome onnnnnnnn!, get in you beauty, i mean yay, (lol), and in second place, on an massive 760 well played crew! well done!, you did it again, (and if a few more of you register, for a google + account, you can claim, all you glory and fame and in third place on a superb 166 Peru equipo bien hecho bien jugado
and to the rest of you, who fell just short of the glory and fame, there's always next week, and thank you all!, for taking part, thank you!!

Your followers

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United Kingdom
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United States of America
760
Peru
166
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127
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29
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Italy
22
Mexico
15
Brazil
12
France
11
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10
Greece
10
Poland
9
Canada
7
Malaysia
7
Pakistan
7
Spain
7
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Hungary
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Australia
5
Bulgaria
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1
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1
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1

The Premiership

And thank you all very much, for taking part, and in first place on an amazing 93 points London!, well done, well played crew!, and in second place on superb 65 Wakefield gooo-on ya little beauty!, and in third place on a respectable 30 points Normanton, well played crew well done,  and to all the rest of you, who have fallen, just ever so short, of the glory and fame of the podium finish, don't worry, there's always next time, and your already winner's in my book!!, thank you to everyone who has, and continues to take part, thank you very much, we defo are stronger together, than we can ever be apart!!, You know, we are not as alone as you may think!,

City
Your followers

London, England
93
Wakefield, England
65
Normanton, England
30
Leeds, England
17
Quezon City, Metro Manila, Philippines
17
Coffeyville, Kansas, Tulsa OK, United States Of America
12
Pontefract, England
11
Johannesburg, Gauteng
9
Manila, Philippines
8
Warsaw, Masovian Voivodeship
8
Birmingham, England
8
Castleford, England
8
Manila, Philippines
8
Athens, Attica (region)
7
Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires
6
Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu-Natal
5
Cebu City, Central Visayas
4
Featherstone, England
4
Mexico City, Distrito Federal
4
Manchester, England
4
Albuquerque, New Mexico
3
Barnsley, England
3
Berlin, Berlin
3
Belgrade
3
Hamburg, Hamburg
3
Harlow, England
3
Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur
3
Leipzig, Sachsen
3
Maputo, Maputo Province
3
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
3
Middlesbrough, England
3
Moscow, Moscow
3
Rickmansworth, England
3
Sheffield, England
3
Adelaide, South Australia
2
Burton-upon-Trent, England
2
Burton upon Trent, England
1
Blackpool, England
2
Budapest, Budapest
2
Chesterfield, England
2
Connahs Quay, Wales
2
Cardiff, Wales
2
Chak Hameed, Punjab
2
Córdoba, Córdoba
2
Clifton, England
2
Dublin, Dublin
2
Dudley, England
2
El Paso, Texas
2
East Retford, England
2
Fort Worth, Texas
2
Fincastle, Virginia
2
Hemsworth, England
2
Hyderabad, Telangana
1
Hamilton, Ontario
2
Henfield, England
2
Ipswich, England
2
Karachi, Sindh
2
Knottingley, England
2
Liverpool, England
2
Llangollen, Wales
2
Las Piñas, Calabarzon
2
Lisbon, Lisbon District
2
Lima, Lima Region
2
Los Angeles CA, California, United States Of America
2
Milan, Lombardia
2
Nottingham, England
2
Podgorica, Podgorica Capital City
2
Paris, Île-de-France
2
Pretoria, Gauteng
2
Rennes, Bretagne
2
Río Negro, Los Lagos Region
2
Stamford, England
2
St. Louis, Missouri
2
Southampton, England
2
Stourbridge, England
2
Stockholm, Stockholm County
2
Taguig, Metro Manila
2
Araçatuba, São Paulo (state)
1
Algiers, Algiers Province
1
Amman, Amman Governorate
1
Agadir, Souss-Massa-Drâa
1
Ajman, United Arab Emirates
1
Belfast, Northern Ireland
1
Cleeve Prior, England
1
Delhi, Delhi
1
Baghdad, Baghdad Governorate
1
Brighton, England
1
Bristol, England
1
Bratislava, Bratislava Region
1
Bochum, Nordrhein-Westfalen
1
Bologna, Italy
1
Congleton, England
1
Coventry, England
1
Carrickfergus, Northern Ireland
1
Chibuto, Gaza Province
1
Clackamas, Oregon
1
Cajamarca, Cajamarca Region
1
Cuzco, Cusco Region
1
Chaulnes, Picardie
1
Chester, England
1
Daveyton, Gauteng
1
Durban, KwaZulu-Natal
1
Doncaster, England
1
Daejeon, Daejeon
1
Edinburgh, Scotland
1
Exeter, England
1
Frattaminore, Campania
1
Gaborone, South-East District
1
Girvan, England
1
Godalming, England
1
Hilton Head Island, South Carolina
1
Inverness, Scotland
1
Itterbeek, Flemish Region
1
Ii, Northern Ostrobothnia
1
Indianapolis, Indiana, United States Of Amwerica
Jaral del Progreso, Guanajuato
1
Jakarta, Jakarta
1
Kingston upon Hull, England
1
Kirby Cross, England
1
Kunčice nad Labem, Hradec Králové Region
1
KwaMashu, KwaZulu-Natal
1
Kegworth, England
1
Leeds, Kent, England
1
Loulé, Faro District
1
Linköping, Östergötland County
1
Leicester, England
1
Lappeenranta, South Karelia
1
León, Guanajuato
1
Little Falls, New Jersey
1
Monte Mor, São Paulo (state)
1
Marion, Indiana
1
Netherburn, Scotland
1
New York, New York
1
Nilai, Negeri Sembilan
1
Ossett, England
1
Piracicaba, São Paulo (state)
1
Piovene Rocchette, Veneto
1
Pasig, Metro Manila
1
Piliyandala, Western Province
1
Peterlee, England
1
Port Elizabeth, Eastern Cape
1
Perth, Western Australia
1
Pasay City, Metro Manila
1
Palermo, Italy
1
Richmond, England
1
Sandy Springs, Georgia
1
Staveley, England
1
São Paulo, São Paulo (state)
1
Stoke-on-Trent, England
1
Santa Ponsa, Spain
1
Strada in Chianti, Tuscany
1
Tecuci, Galați County
1
Thessaloníki, Central Macedonia
1
Tipton, England
1
Torquay, England
1
Tijucas, Santa Catarina
1
Vila Nova da Rainha, Lisbon District
1
Villahermosa, Tabasco
1
Veliko Tarnovo, Veliko Tarnovo Province
1
Zagreb, Zagreb
1

i want to say, a big thank you, to all of you, for your continued support, you have my love and my gratitude forever as, standardz, hahahahahahaha, :) #edio

i applaud your enthusiasm, but shouldn't you be, weaving a dream of your own, by now, xx ;) #edio

Parlez?, ;) #edio

5/9 Completed!, 
Hey Peep's!, i'm Planning a not for profit organisation, for international artists, singers, songwriters, producers, DJ's, vocalist, who just want to get back to the groove, and make it, what it should have been about, all along, the music!, and making peep's feel good, by helping to do the right thing, by all of us, So if your interested in helping to redefine an era, through the power of the rhythm and bass, let me know, i know many of you peep's are outstanding artist in your own right, and i can't pay you, there's no money in it, i do all this for free, but this is for a really good cause, it's the best of all of them, To Save All Life On The Planet!, through the power of our love for the groove, you know, I've said this millions of time's, and i'm not sure, if you really thought i was serious or not, but sound/frequency/music it really does have to power, to change the world, i know it's a scientific fact, that we can create energy with it, and manipulate matter, we can even heal all wounds with it, and No!, i'm not kidding!, music can be a healing tool, and be used for the greater good, if only you would try, So all i ask for is your time, and a little bit of effort, i don't want money, it is of no consequence or value to us, i ask this not for myself, but this for you & me and for all of us, for all that you know and love, and would wish to protect against the fuckery of the non-peep's, and their schemes against the peep's, wherever you may be in the world, i know we can do this, i know we can make this happen, for peace is not a dream!, it's just on the horizon, and all it needs is that final nudge, and we can and will unite against all the forces of tyranny and darkness, in whatever guise they may be in, think about it and let me know, just how many of you are with me, and Thanks on behalf of the world in advance, 
🌍☮️♻️🌍🗻♻️😇✌️
https://ello.co/edio1
www.ediobangers.blogspot.co.uk/
https://plus.google.com/+ediobangerz
www.facebook.com/ruffneckbase/ 
https://www.facebook.com/ruffneckbass01/
www.ediovision.blogspot.com/
www.facebook.com/ediovision/
www.facebook.com/thematrixhasyouwakeup/
www.facebook.com/peelingbacktheveil/
https://www.facebook.com/RealtimehdEarthviewingexperiment/
also i have a YouTube page, it has a copy of all my latest tracks,5000+ and if you keep going back, pretty much every track I've ever posted, just go to liked video's, and hit play all, and then you won't have to keep pressing play, but unfortunately you wont get to read, what i write, but you will get access, to a constant stream of tracks, for over a 2 years solid play time, but you know, ya can't have it all looolz ;)
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC-jBy5vUUUTItELLXQbcE9w
🌍☮️♻️🌍🗻♻️😇✌️

4/9 completed 
🌍☮️♻️🌍🗻♻️😇✌️
https://ello.co/edio1
www.ediobangers.blogspot.co.uk/
https://plus.google.com/+ediobangerz
www.facebook.com/ruffneckbase/ 
https://www.facebook.com/ruffneckbass01/
www.ediovision.blogspot.com/
www.facebook.com/ediovision/
www.facebook.com/thematrixhasyouwakeup/
www.facebook.com/peelingbacktheveil/
https://www.facebook.com/RealtimehdEarthviewingexperiment/
also i have a YouTube page, it has a copy of all my latest tracks,5000+ and if you keep going back, pretty much every track I've ever posted, just go to liked video's, and hit play all, and then you won't have to keep pressing play, but unfortunately you wont get to read, what i write, but you will get access, to a constant stream of tracks, for over a 2 years solid play time, but you know, ya can't have it all looolz ;)
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC-jBy5vUUUTItELLXQbcE9w
🌍☮️♻️🌍🗻♻️😇✌️

2018-03-25

🌍☮️♻️🌍🗻♻️😇✌️
https://ello.co/edio1
www.ediobangers.blogspot.co.uk/
https://plus.google.com/+ediobangerz
www.facebook.com/ruffneckbase/ 
https://www.facebook.com/ruffneckbass01/
www.ediovision.blogspot.com/
www.facebook.com/ediovision/
www.facebook.com/thematrixhasyouwakeup/
www.facebook.com/peelingbacktheveil/
https://www.facebook.com/RealtimehdEarthviewingexperiment/
also i have a YouTube page, it has a copy of all my latest tracks,5000+ and if you keep going back, pretty much every track I've ever posted, just go to liked video's, and hit play all, and then you won't have to keep pressing play, but unfortunately you wont get to read, what i write, but you will get access, to a constant stream of tracks, for over a 2 years solid play time, but you know, ya can't have it all looolz ;)
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC-jBy5vUUUTItELLXQbcE9w
🌍☮️♻️🌍🗻♻️😇✌️

🌍☮️♻️🌍🗻♻️😇✌️
https://ello.co/edio1
www.ediobangers.blogspot.co.uk/
https://plus.google.com/+ediobangerz
www.facebook.com/ruffneckbase/ 
https://www.facebook.com/ruffneckbass01/
www.ediovision.blogspot.com/
www.facebook.com/ediovision/
www.facebook.com/thematrixhasyouwakeup/
www.facebook.com/peelingbacktheveil/
https://www.facebook.com/RealtimehdEarthviewingexperiment/
also i have a YouTube page, it has a copy of all my latest tracks,5000+ and if you keep going back, pretty much every track I've ever posted, just go to liked video's, and hit play all, and then you won't have to keep pressing play, but unfortunately you wont get to read, what i write, but you will get access, to a constant stream of tracks, for over a 2 years solid play time, but you know, ya can't have it all looolz ;)
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC-jBy5vUUUTItELLXQbcE9w
🌍☮️♻️🌍🗻♻️😇✌️

NFEREE - Under (Original Mix)



you know, it's just about that time, for me to go, and dive headlong into the belly of the beast, (FB analytics), and save the digital damsel, snag the data and have a good ol' poke about, with a rusty pointy object, then compile it all, then add three more platforms, then format it and write it out, all for you, and lets hope i can do it in, "Under", 6 hours, we can only hope, so i hope you, enjoyed all the track's, as much as me, but now i have to go, to the place where the dreams are made, up and out, second star to the right, and straight on, 'till morning, and with that, I AM out as, standardz, hahahahahahahahaha, :) #edio
end transmission :) #peace

Joe Red - Caelum (Original Mix)



you know, it doesn't have to be like this each time, "Caelum", (Heaven, a place regarded in various religions as the abode of God, or the gods, and the angels, and of the good after death, often traditionally depicted, as being above the sky), can be a place on Earth, we all have a choice, and we must make it, whether it is better to suffer a long path of hardship, but ultimately, we will have our victory, or to become as beasts and cattle, and brought low and made sport of, to be their slaves, in their new world order, and i for one refuse, and I will do, every single time around on this crazy train, called life as, standardz, hahahahahaha, :) #edio